一 | WARSAW, Poland -- Polish opposition leader Donald Tusk declared the beginning of a new era for his country after opposition parties appeared to have won enough votes in Sunday's parliamentary election to oust the governing nationalist conservative party.That party, Law and Justice, has bickered with allies and faced accusations of eroding rule of law at home in its eight years in power. It appeared that voters were mobilized like never before, voting in even greater numbers than when the nation ousted the communist authorities in 1989. In some places people were still in line when polling officially closed, but all were allowed to vote. If the result predicted by an exit poll holds, Law and Justice won but also lost. It got more seats than any other party but not enough to be able to lead a government that can pass laws in the legislature. The Ipsos exit poll suggested that Law and Justice obtained 200 seats. Its potential partner, the far-right Confederation got 12 seats, a showing the party acknowledged was a defeat.It also showed that three opposition parties have likely won a combined 248 seats in the 460-seat lower house of parliament, the Sejm. The largest of the groups is Civic Coalition, led by Tusk, a former prime minister and former European Union president. It won 31.6% of votes, the exit poll said. “I have been a politician for many years. I’m an athlete. Never in my life have I been so happy about taking seemingly second place. Poland won. Democracy has won. We have removed them from power,” Tusk told his cheering supporters.“This result might still be better, but already today we can say this is the end of the bad time, this is end of Law and Justice rule," Tusk added.Law and Justice leader Jaroslaw Kaczynski acknowledged the ambiguous result. He told supporters at his headquarters that his party’s result, at nearly 37% of the vote, according to the exit poll, was a success, making it the party to win the most votes for three parliamentary elections in a row. “We must have hope and we must also know that regardless of whether we are in power or in the opposition, we will implement this (political) project in various ways and we will not allow Poland to be betrayed," Kaczynski said.If the result holds, and Law and Justice is the single party with the most seats, then it would most likely get the first chance to try to build a government.It falls to President Andrzej Duda, who is an ally of Law and Justice, to tap a party to try to form a government.Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki said on Polsat News that Duda “will entrust the mission of forming the government to the winning party and in this first step we will certainly try to build a parliamentary majority."Three opposition parties, Tusk's Civic Coalition, Third Way and the New Left, ran on separate tickets but with the same promises of seeking to oust Law and Justice and restore good ties with the European Union.Wlodzimierz Czarzasty, a leader of the Left party, vowed to work with the others to “create a democratic, strong, reasonable and predictable government.”Katarzyna Pelczynska-Nalecz, the head of election campaign for Third Way, called it a “huge day for our democracy.”Votes were still being counted and the state electoral commission says it expects to have final results by Tuesday morning.At stake are the health of the nation’s constitutional order, its legal stance on LGBTQ+ rights and abortion, and the foreign alliances of a country that has been a crucial ally to Ukraine after Russia launched its full-scale invasion.LGBTQ+ rights activist Bart Staszewski called it the end of a “nightmare” for himself as a gay man and others.“This is just the beginning of reclaiming of our country. The fight is ahead but we are breathing fresh air today,” Staszewski said.Environmental activist Dominika Lasota was emotional with relief, saying “we have our future.”Law and Justice has eroded checks and balances to gain more control over state institutions, including the courts, public media and the electoral process itself.During the campaign many Poles described the vote as the most important one since 1989, when a new democracy was born after decades of communism.Turnout Sunday appeared to be even higher than the 63% of voters who turned out for the 1989 election that led to the ouster of the communists. Despite many uncertainties ahead, what appeared certain was that support for the governing party has shrunk since the last election in 2019 when it won nearly 44% of the vote, its popularity dented by high inflation, allegations of cronyism and bickering with European allies.There is a high level of state ownership in the Polish economy, and the governing party has built up a system of patronage, handing out thousands of jobs and contracts to its loyalists. A political change could open the way for the EU to release billions of euros in funding that has been withheld over what the EU viewed as democratic erosion.Piotr Buras, of the European Council of Foreign Relations, said the opposition had gained from “growing fatigue” with the government among Poles, "beyond the groups usually supporting the liberals.” The fate of Poland's relationship with Ukraine was also at stake. The Confederation party campaigned on an anti-Ukraine message, accusing the country of lacking gratitude to Poland for its help in Russia's war. Its poor showing will be a relief for Kyiv.A referendum on migration, the retirement age and other issues was held simultaneously. Some government opponents called on voters to boycott the referendum, saying it was an attempt by the government to galvanize its supporters. Many voters were seen refusing to take part in the referendum.___Associated Press journalists Kwiyeon Ha, Pietro De Cristofaro and Rafal Niedzielski contributed to this report.。 出品 | 妙投APP 作者 | 董必政 编辑 | 关雪菁 头图 | AI制图 国家制定的“反内卷”，居然还能传出“鬼故事”。
二 | 11月12日上午，有小作文称，“晶澳科技董秘公开宣称反内卷失败。” 随着小作文的发酵，截至11月12日午盘，光伏行业板块出现大跌。弘元绿能跌停，协鑫科技跌幅一度达到11.97%，晶澳科技、通威股份、隆基绿能等一度逼近跌停。 当天下午，中国光伏行业协会执行秘书长刘译阳表示，不要低估政策决心，光伏行业不走出内卷式恶性竞争誓不罢休。 随后，中国光伏行业协会CPIA发布“关于网络不实消息的声明”进行辟谣，并表示坚定维护国家利益，行业利益，妄图通过造谣抹黑、恶意做空光伏行业牟取利益的恶劣行为，我们将与之斗争到底。 （图片来源：光伏行业协会CPIA） 辟谣消息一出，给资本市场吃了一颗定心丸。
三 | 光伏板块企稳回升，但未恢复下跌之前的位置。 截至收盘，晶澳科技、通威股份、隆基绿能、弘远绿能分别下跌6.84%、6.06%、7.35%、7.54%。而，真正“受伤”的仍是持仓光伏的股民，开始纷纷在财经网站的评论区吐槽。 （图片来源：雪球） 妙投认为，这次事件再次让大家看到了光伏行业反内卷的决心，随着反内卷的推进，光伏资产在资本市场有望迎来价值重估。 一、光伏的“政策底” 自2023年以来，“内卷”这个词几乎成了光伏行业的标签。 在装机需求增速放缓的背景下，光伏行业迎来了一场资本涌入后的同质化扩张、价格战和低效竞争。这种“增量放缓下的内卷”，最直接的后果就是资本回报率下滑、估值折价与风险溢价走高。
四 | 最直观的感受，来自资本市场的“用脚投票”。 以光伏ETF（159857）为例，它从最高点的1.598元/份，一路狂跌至最低点的0.505元/份，最大跌幅达到惊人的68.39%。光伏公司集体陷入亏损的窘境，这显然不利于任何光伏行业良性有序发展。 活下去，成了头等大事。 面对行业深度内卷带来的集体“失血”，光伏行业的“反内卷”自从2024年5月开始规划，2024年10月正式启动，2025年继续推进。
五 | 尤其在今年6月以来，相关政策密集出台。 当前的政策核心，集中在“保价”、“控量”两个方面。
六 | 保价，就是整治低于成本价格销售的恶性竞争；控量，则是通过控产、控销的方式，推动落后产能有序退出，从而恢复市场供需平衡。
七 | 从效果来看，保价已经取得了初步成果。
八 | 据Infolink数据显示，今年以来硅料、硅片、电池、组件价格分别累计上涨33.33%、17.39%、8.92%、2.45%，上游涨幅相对明显。 真正让光伏行业反转，解决产能过剩还是减产，尤其在于光伏产业链的“牛鼻子”——硅料环节。 为什么是硅料？ 因为硅料在光伏四大环节中，产能弹性最弱，具备天然的“卡脖子”属性。 相比于其他环节半年左右的扩产周期，硅料的扩产周期长达1.5年到2年。
九 | 更关键的是，硅料生产是重资本支出、高能耗的行业。一旦停产检修，不仅启动成本高，后期还需要支付高额的维护成本，甚至部分生产线由于基础维护的缺失，复产难度大。
十 | 因此，已停产的硅料项目复工可能性更低。 回顾光伏上行周期，我们可以发现上游环节硅料紧缺“卡脖子”，2020年-2022年硅料的价格从底部的57元/kg涨到了最高点的307元/kg。 回顾光伏上行周期（2020年-2022年），正是因为上游硅料紧缺“卡脖子”，我们才看到了硅料价格从底部的57元/kg，一路暴涨至最高点的307元/kg。
十一 | 这正是上游供给端控制力的体现。 因此，一旦硅料产能能够有效出清，供给端得到控制，光伏产业链的过剩局面也将迎来极大的改善。 据中信证券统计，在控产控销方面，硅料企业已经开始按照年度产销框架控制产销量。
十二 | 随着11月枯水期到来，硅料企业已经开始执行减产计划，预计全年产量将控制在140万吨以内，符合年初设定的目标。 另外，9月16日，国家标准《硅多晶和锗单位产品能源消耗限额》（征求意见稿）发布，给行业设定了严苛的能耗“高压线”。新标准要求将三氯氢硅法多晶硅1级（先进值）/2级（新建或改扩建）/3级（现有企业）单位产品综合能耗下调至5/5.5/6.4kgce/kg。 据硅业分会，该标准正式实施后，多晶硅单位产品能耗不达基准值要求（6.4kgce/kg）的企业将被限期整改，逾期未改或整改后未达准入值（5.5kgce/kg）的企业将被关停。
十三 | 根据初步统计，现有产能结构有序调整后，国内多晶硅料有效产能将降至约240万吨/年，较2024年底下降16.4%，与已建成的装置产能相比减少31.4%。 即便如此，硅料去产能还不够。
十四 | 业内一直在传“搭建硅料收储平台”也迎来消息，即由多家光伏硅料企业共同成立联合收储平台，收购中小企业产能，实现部分硅料产能退出。 10月28日，协鑫集团董事长朱共山在央视2套《经济半小时》表示，17家硅料企业已基本同意搭建联合体，预计2025年内完成搭建。细节方面，协鑫未向妙投回应。
十五 | 正是这一反内卷行动，让业内、资本市场看到硅料快速去产能的预期，光伏行业有望早日迎来拐点。
十六 | 而这次的“小作文”正是破坏了这一预期，不过已经被辟谣。 二、光伏资产将重新定价 一般而言，资产重估主要体现在政策扭转市场预期、科技突破、资金结构改善等。 妙投认为，反内卷政策强度不断升级，从预期阶段步入实质推进期，成为驱动资产价值重估的关键力量。 现阶段，“反内卷”政策通过整治“内卷式”竞争，推动行业从规模扩张转向质量竞争，优化了竞争格局。 由于控价的“反内卷”政策，企业盈利也将随之改善，为估值提升奠定了坚实基础。 从上市公司的Q3业绩表现来看，不少公司出现了明显的回暖，出现了业绩拐点。 通威股份、TCL中环、隆基绿能等光伏巨头虽然第三季度仍处于亏损，但亏损环比出现了收窄。 比如：前三季度TCL中环光伏业务实现销售收入160.1亿元，其中Q3环比改善22%，主要因“反内卷”推进下产业链上游价格上涨逐步传导至硅片环节，据InfoLink，Q3硅片均价较Q2回升约12%。 值得一提是，Q3扭亏为盈的企业更受资本市场的青睐。比如：弘元绿能从上半年亏损2.97亿元转变前3季度盈利2.35亿元。
十七 | 资本市场表现上来看，自10月27日以来，弘元绿能的股价已上涨53.55%。 从产业链受益方向来看，硅料减产将直接受益，涨价会先从硅料开始，再逐步传导到硅片、电池片、组件等中下游环节。
十八 | 因此，在对光伏资产重新定价的阶段，通威股份、协鑫科技、大全能源等硅料将率先被市场资金关注。而其他环节要结合Q3业绩表现来看。 此外，光伏企业通过技术突破实现先进产能，也是另一种反内卷的方式。 11月11日，工信部发布《进一步加快制造业中试平台布局和高水平建设通知》和《制造业中试平台重点方向建设要点（2025版）》，提出聚焦钙钛矿光伏电池、叠层光伏电池等先进光伏技术。 相比传统晶硅组件26%的光电转换效率，钙钛矿单结组件理论极限效率可达35%，与晶硅叠层组件理论上限高达45%，被视为下一代光伏电池技术，但停留在实验室和中试线阶段。
十九 | 10月29日，协鑫光电宣布GW级钙钛矿产线首片2400mm×1150mm全尺寸钙钛矿组件正式面世，验证钙钛矿技术具有规模化落地能力 11月5日，捷泰科技在安徽滁州基地成功实现首片产业化TOPCon+钙钛矿叠层电池下线。 这意味着钙钛矿技术正在迈向大规模商业化应用。与此同时，设备厂商也获得新的增量市场。
| 据捷佳伟创官微，近日公司中标一条300mmx300mm尺寸研发和生产的钙钛矿电池整线。据京山轻机公告，公司已构建覆盖研发线至GW级量产的全周期设备解决方案，核心设备通过下游客户验证并实现批量交付。 因此，妙投认为，在光伏存量市场内卷、价值折价的背景下，具备钙钛矿量产能力的光伏厂商，以及为新产线提供核心设备的产商，将迎来一次价值重估机会。
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